diff --git a/cli/file_fetcher.rs b/cli/file_fetcher.rs
index f287209640..b4dadba713 100644
--- a/cli/file_fetcher.rs
+++ b/cli/file_fetcher.rs
@@ -742,7 +742,6 @@ mod tests {
   use super::*;
   use deno_core::error::get_custom_error_class;
   use deno_core::resolve_url;
-  use deno_core::resolve_url_or_path;
   use deno_core::url::Url;
   use deno_runtime::deno_fetch::create_http_client;
   use deno_runtime::deno_web::Blob;
@@ -827,7 +826,8 @@ mod tests {
 
   async fn test_fetch_local_encoded(charset: &str, expected: String) {
     let p = test_util::testdata_path().join(format!("encoding/{charset}.ts"));
-    let specifier = resolve_url_or_path(p.to_str().unwrap()).unwrap();
+    let specifier =
+      ModuleSpecifier::from_file_path(p.to_str().unwrap()).unwrap();
     let (file, _) = test_fetch(&specifier).await;
     assert_eq!(&*file.source, expected);
   }
@@ -845,7 +845,7 @@ mod tests {
     ];
 
     for (specifier, is_ok, expected) in fixtures {
-      let specifier = resolve_url_or_path(specifier).unwrap();
+      let specifier = ModuleSpecifier::parse(specifier).unwrap();
       let actual = get_validated_scheme(&specifier);
       assert_eq!(actual.is_ok(), is_ok);
       if is_ok {
@@ -1021,7 +1021,7 @@ mod tests {
     ];
 
     for (specifier, maybe_content_type, media_type, maybe_charset) in fixtures {
-      let specifier = resolve_url_or_path(specifier).unwrap();
+      let specifier = ModuleSpecifier::parse(specifier).unwrap();
       assert_eq!(
         map_content_type(&specifier, maybe_content_type.as_ref()),
         (media_type, maybe_charset)
@@ -1034,7 +1034,8 @@ mod tests {
     let (file_fetcher, temp_dir) = setup(CacheSetting::Use, None);
     let local = temp_dir.path().join("a.ts");
     let specifier =
-      resolve_url_or_path(local.as_os_str().to_str().unwrap()).unwrap();
+      ModuleSpecifier::from_file_path(local.as_os_str().to_str().unwrap())
+        .unwrap();
     let file = File {
       local,
       maybe_types: None,
@@ -1143,7 +1144,7 @@ mod tests {
     let (file_fetcher_01, _) = setup(CacheSetting::Use, Some(temp_dir.clone()));
     let (file_fetcher_02, _) = setup(CacheSetting::Use, Some(temp_dir.clone()));
     let specifier =
-      resolve_url_or_path("http://localhost:4545/subdir/mod2.ts").unwrap();
+      ModuleSpecifier::parse("http://localhost:4545/subdir/mod2.ts").unwrap();
 
     let result = file_fetcher
       .fetch(&specifier, PermissionsContainer::allow_all())
@@ -1587,8 +1588,7 @@ mod tests {
   async fn test_fetch_local_bypasses_file_cache() {
     let (file_fetcher, temp_dir) = setup(CacheSetting::Use, None);
     let fixture_path = temp_dir.path().join("mod.ts");
-    let specifier =
-      resolve_url_or_path(&fixture_path.to_string_lossy()).unwrap();
+    let specifier = ModuleSpecifier::from_file_path(&fixture_path).unwrap();
     fs::write(fixture_path.clone(), r#"console.log("hello deno");"#).unwrap();
     let result = file_fetcher
       .fetch(&specifier, PermissionsContainer::allow_all())
@@ -1690,7 +1690,8 @@ mod tests {
   #[tokio::test]
   async fn test_fetch_remote_javascript_with_types() {
     let specifier =
-      resolve_url_or_path("http://127.0.0.1:4545/xTypeScriptTypes.js").unwrap();
+      ModuleSpecifier::parse("http://127.0.0.1:4545/xTypeScriptTypes.js")
+        .unwrap();
     let (file, _) = test_fetch_remote(&specifier).await;
     assert_eq!(
       file.maybe_types,
@@ -1701,7 +1702,7 @@ mod tests {
   #[tokio::test]
   async fn test_fetch_remote_jsx_with_types() {
     let specifier =
-      resolve_url_or_path("http://127.0.0.1:4545/xTypeScriptTypes.jsx")
+      ModuleSpecifier::parse("http://127.0.0.1:4545/xTypeScriptTypes.jsx")
         .unwrap();
     let (file, _) = test_fetch_remote(&specifier).await;
     assert_eq!(file.media_type, MediaType::Jsx,);
@@ -1714,7 +1715,8 @@ mod tests {
   #[tokio::test]
   async fn test_fetch_remote_typescript_with_types() {
     let specifier =
-      resolve_url_or_path("http://127.0.0.1:4545/xTypeScriptTypes.ts").unwrap();
+      ModuleSpecifier::parse("http://127.0.0.1:4545/xTypeScriptTypes.ts")
+        .unwrap();
     let (file, _) = test_fetch_remote(&specifier).await;
     assert_eq!(file.maybe_types, None);
   }
diff --git a/cli/proc_state.rs b/cli/proc_state.rs
index 52afcd6313..eb43e75d73 100644
--- a/cli/proc_state.rs
+++ b/cli/proc_state.rs
@@ -565,7 +565,8 @@ impl ProcState {
     // but sadly that's not the case due to missing APIs in V8.
     let is_repl = matches!(self.options.sub_command(), DenoSubcommand::Repl(_));
     let referrer = if referrer.is_empty() && is_repl {
-      deno_core::resolve_url_or_path("./$deno$repl.ts")?
+      let cwd = std::env::current_dir().context("Unable to get CWD")?;
+      deno_core::resolve_path("./$deno$repl.ts", &cwd)?
     } else {
       deno_core::resolve_url_or_path(referrer)?
     };
diff --git a/cli/tests/unit/process_test.ts b/cli/tests/unit/process_test.ts
index 3291956f90..e79365a6df 100644
--- a/cli/tests/unit/process_test.ts
+++ b/cli/tests/unit/process_test.ts
@@ -658,6 +658,6 @@ Deno.test(
     p.close();
     p.stdout.close();
     assertStrictEquals(code, 1);
-    assertStringIncludes(stderr, "invalid module path");
+    assertStringIncludes(stderr, "Unable to get CWD");
   },
 );
diff --git a/cli/tools/doc.rs b/cli/tools/doc.rs
index 1f8bfad7ab..2ee80f6b7f 100644
--- a/cli/tools/doc.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/doc.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,9 @@ use crate::proc_state::ProcState;
 use crate::tsc::get_types_declaration_file_text;
 use deno_ast::MediaType;
 use deno_core::anyhow::bail;
+use deno_core::anyhow::Context;
 use deno_core::error::AnyError;
+use deno_core::resolve_path;
 use deno_core::resolve_url_or_path;
 use deno_doc as doc;
 use deno_graph::ModuleSpecifier;
@@ -60,11 +62,12 @@ pub async fn print_docs(
       doc_parser.parse_module(&source_file_specifier)?.definitions
     }
     DocSourceFileFlag::Path(source_file) => {
+      let cwd = std::env::current_dir().context("Unable to get CWD")?;
       let module_specifier = resolve_url_or_path(&source_file)?;
 
       // If the root module has external types, the module graph won't redirect it,
       // so instead create a dummy file which exports everything from the actual file being documented.
-      let root_specifier = resolve_url_or_path("./$deno$doc.ts").unwrap();
+      let root_specifier = resolve_path("./$deno$doc.ts", &cwd).unwrap();
       let root = File {
         local: PathBuf::from("./$deno$doc.ts"),
         maybe_types: None,
diff --git a/cli/tools/repl/mod.rs b/cli/tools/repl/mod.rs
index a9cb0132ba..99dab62614 100644
--- a/cli/tools/repl/mod.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/repl/mod.rs
@@ -5,8 +5,9 @@ use crate::args::ReplFlags;
 use crate::colors;
 use crate::proc_state::ProcState;
 use crate::worker::create_main_worker;
+use deno_core::anyhow::Context;
 use deno_core::error::AnyError;
-use deno_core::resolve_url_or_path;
+use deno_core::resolve_path;
 use deno_runtime::permissions::Permissions;
 use deno_runtime::permissions::PermissionsContainer;
 use rustyline::error::ReadlineError;
@@ -80,7 +81,8 @@ async fn read_eval_file(
 }
 
 pub async fn run(flags: Flags, repl_flags: ReplFlags) -> Result<i32, AnyError> {
-  let main_module = resolve_url_or_path("./$deno$repl.ts").unwrap();
+  let cwd = std::env::current_dir().context("Unable to get CWD")?;
+  let main_module = resolve_path("./$deno$repl.ts", &cwd).unwrap();
   let ps = ProcState::build(flags).await?;
   let mut worker = create_main_worker(
     &ps,
diff --git a/cli/tools/repl/session.rs b/cli/tools/repl/session.rs
index e9ddd09b1a..1cd67fc97d 100644
--- a/cli/tools/repl/session.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/repl/session.rs
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ use deno_ast::swc::visit::VisitWith;
 use deno_ast::DiagnosticsError;
 use deno_ast::ImportsNotUsedAsValues;
 use deno_ast::ModuleSpecifier;
+use deno_core::anyhow::Context;
 use deno_core::error::AnyError;
 use deno_core::futures::channel::mpsc::UnboundedReceiver;
 use deno_core::futures::FutureExt;
@@ -143,7 +144,8 @@ impl ReplSession {
     }
     assert_ne!(context_id, 0);
 
-    let referrer = deno_core::resolve_url_or_path("./$deno$repl.ts").unwrap();
+    let cwd = std::env::current_dir().context("Unable to get CWD")?;
+    let referrer = deno_core::resolve_path("./$deno$repl.ts", &cwd).unwrap();
 
     let mut repl_session = ReplSession {
       proc_state,
diff --git a/cli/tools/run.rs b/cli/tools/run.rs
index d72378510a..d949a1cdb2 100644
--- a/cli/tools/run.rs
+++ b/cli/tools/run.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,9 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use deno_ast::MediaType;
 use deno_ast::ModuleSpecifier;
+use deno_core::anyhow::Context;
 use deno_core::error::AnyError;
+use deno_core::resolve_path;
 use deno_core::resolve_url_or_path;
 use deno_graph::npm::NpmPackageReqReference;
 use deno_runtime::permissions::Permissions;
@@ -67,7 +69,8 @@ To grant permissions, set them before the script argument. For example:
 
 pub async fn run_from_stdin(flags: Flags) -> Result<i32, AnyError> {
   let ps = ProcState::build(flags).await?;
-  let main_module = resolve_url_or_path("./$deno$stdin.ts").unwrap();
+  let cwd = std::env::current_dir().context("Unable to get CWD")?;
+  let main_module = resolve_path("./$deno$stdin.ts", &cwd).unwrap();
   let mut worker = create_main_worker(
     &ps,
     main_module.clone(),
@@ -139,8 +142,9 @@ pub async fn eval_command(
 ) -> Result<i32, AnyError> {
   // deno_graph works off of extensions for local files to determine the media
   // type, and so our "fake" specifier needs to have the proper extension.
+  let cwd = std::env::current_dir().context("Unable to get CWD")?;
   let main_module =
-    resolve_url_or_path(&format!("./$deno$eval.{}", eval_flags.ext))?;
+    resolve_path(&format!("./$deno$eval.{}", eval_flags.ext), &cwd)?;
   let ps = ProcState::build(flags).await?;
   let permissions = PermissionsContainer::new(Permissions::from_options(
     &ps.options.permissions_options(),
diff --git a/cli/tsc/mod.rs b/cli/tsc/mod.rs
index 2f9b4224c9..6add7d1fda 100644
--- a/cli/tsc/mod.rs
+++ b/cli/tsc/mod.rs
@@ -928,7 +928,7 @@ mod tests {
     maybe_tsbuildinfo: Option<String>,
   ) -> OpState {
     let specifier = maybe_specifier
-      .unwrap_or_else(|| resolve_url_or_path("file:///main.ts").unwrap());
+      .unwrap_or_else(|| ModuleSpecifier::parse("file:///main.ts").unwrap());
     let hash_data = maybe_hash_data.unwrap_or_else(|| vec![b"".to_vec()]);
     let fixtures = test_util::testdata_path().join("tsc2");
     let mut loader = MockLoader { fixtures };
@@ -1050,7 +1050,7 @@ mod tests {
       ("file:///.tsbuildinfo", MediaType::Unknown),
     ];
     for (specifier, media_type) in fixtures {
-      let specifier = resolve_url_or_path(specifier).unwrap();
+      let specifier = ModuleSpecifier::parse(specifier).unwrap();
       assert_eq!(get_tsc_media_type(&specifier), media_type);
     }
   }
@@ -1076,7 +1076,7 @@ mod tests {
   #[tokio::test]
   async fn test_load() {
     let mut state = setup(
-      Some(resolve_url_or_path("https://deno.land/x/mod.ts").unwrap()),
+      Some(ModuleSpecifier::parse("https://deno.land/x/mod.ts").unwrap()),
       None,
       Some("some content".to_string()),
     )
@@ -1107,7 +1107,7 @@ mod tests {
   #[tokio::test]
   async fn test_load_asset() {
     let mut state = setup(
-      Some(resolve_url_or_path("https://deno.land/x/mod.ts").unwrap()),
+      Some(ModuleSpecifier::parse("https://deno.land/x/mod.ts").unwrap()),
       None,
       Some("some content".to_string()),
     )
@@ -1128,7 +1128,7 @@ mod tests {
   #[tokio::test]
   async fn test_load_tsbuildinfo() {
     let mut state = setup(
-      Some(resolve_url_or_path("https://deno.land/x/mod.ts").unwrap()),
+      Some(ModuleSpecifier::parse("https://deno.land/x/mod.ts").unwrap()),
       None,
       Some("some content".to_string()),
     )
@@ -1169,7 +1169,7 @@ mod tests {
   #[tokio::test]
   async fn test_resolve() {
     let mut state = setup(
-      Some(resolve_url_or_path("https://deno.land/x/a.ts").unwrap()),
+      Some(ModuleSpecifier::parse("https://deno.land/x/a.ts").unwrap()),
       None,
       None,
     )
@@ -1191,7 +1191,7 @@ mod tests {
   #[tokio::test]
   async fn test_resolve_empty() {
     let mut state = setup(
-      Some(resolve_url_or_path("https://deno.land/x/a.ts").unwrap()),
+      Some(ModuleSpecifier::parse("https://deno.land/x/a.ts").unwrap()),
       None,
       None,
     )
@@ -1253,7 +1253,7 @@ mod tests {
 
   #[tokio::test]
   async fn test_exec_basic() {
-    let specifier = resolve_url_or_path("https://deno.land/x/a.ts").unwrap();
+    let specifier = ModuleSpecifier::parse("https://deno.land/x/a.ts").unwrap();
     let actual = test_exec(&specifier)
       .await
       .expect("exec should not have errored");
@@ -1264,7 +1264,7 @@ mod tests {
 
   #[tokio::test]
   async fn test_exec_reexport_dts() {
-    let specifier = resolve_url_or_path("file:///reexports.ts").unwrap();
+    let specifier = ModuleSpecifier::parse("file:///reexports.ts").unwrap();
     let actual = test_exec(&specifier)
       .await
       .expect("exec should not have errored");
@@ -1275,7 +1275,7 @@ mod tests {
 
   #[tokio::test]
   async fn fix_lib_ref() {
-    let specifier = resolve_url_or_path("file:///libref.ts").unwrap();
+    let specifier = ModuleSpecifier::parse("file:///libref.ts").unwrap();
     let actual = test_exec(&specifier)
       .await
       .expect("exec should not have errored");
diff --git a/cli/worker.rs b/cli/worker.rs
index 97794caf3e..151f70f053 100644
--- a/cli/worker.rs
+++ b/cli/worker.rs
@@ -728,6 +728,7 @@ fn create_web_worker_callback(
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
   use super::*;
+  use deno_core::resolve_path;
   use deno_core::resolve_url_or_path;
   use deno_core::FsModuleLoader;
   use deno_runtime::deno_broadcast_channel::InMemoryBroadcastChannel;
@@ -735,7 +736,8 @@ mod tests {
   use deno_runtime::permissions::Permissions;
 
   fn create_test_worker() -> MainWorker {
-    let main_module = resolve_url_or_path("./hello.js").unwrap();
+    let main_module =
+      resolve_path("./hello.js", &std::env::current_dir().unwrap()).unwrap();
     let permissions = PermissionsContainer::new(Permissions::default());
 
     let options = WorkerOptions {
@@ -802,7 +804,7 @@ mod tests {
       .parent()
       .unwrap()
       .join("tests/circular1.js");
-    let module_specifier = resolve_url_or_path(&p.to_string_lossy()).unwrap();
+    let module_specifier = ModuleSpecifier::from_file_path(&p).unwrap();
     let mut worker = create_test_worker();
     let result = worker.execute_main_module(&module_specifier).await;
     if let Err(err) = result {
@@ -817,7 +819,9 @@ mod tests {
   async fn execute_mod_resolve_error() {
     // "foo" is not a valid module specifier so this should return an error.
     let mut worker = create_test_worker();
-    let module_specifier = resolve_url_or_path("does-not-exist").unwrap();
+    let module_specifier =
+      resolve_path("./does-not-exist", &std::env::current_dir().unwrap())
+        .unwrap();
     let result = worker.execute_main_module(&module_specifier).await;
     assert!(result.is_err());
   }
@@ -828,7 +832,7 @@ mod tests {
     // tests).
     let mut worker = create_test_worker();
     let p = test_util::testdata_path().join("run/001_hello.js");
-    let module_specifier = resolve_url_or_path(&p.to_string_lossy()).unwrap();
+    let module_specifier = ModuleSpecifier::from_file_path(&p).unwrap();
     let result = worker.execute_main_module(&module_specifier).await;
     assert!(result.is_ok());
   }
diff --git a/runtime/permissions/mod.rs b/runtime/permissions/mod.rs
index 20978f3b20..3662b2d7f3 100644
--- a/runtime/permissions/mod.rs
+++ b/runtime/permissions/mod.rs
@@ -2550,7 +2550,6 @@ pub fn create_child_permissions(
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
   use super::*;
-  use deno_core::resolve_url_or_path;
   use deno_core::serde_json::json;
   use prompter::tests::*;
 
@@ -2854,27 +2853,31 @@ mod tests {
 
     let mut fixtures = vec![
       (
-        resolve_url_or_path("http://localhost:4545/mod.ts").unwrap(),
+        ModuleSpecifier::parse("http://localhost:4545/mod.ts").unwrap(),
         true,
       ),
       (
-        resolve_url_or_path("http://deno.land/x/mod.ts").unwrap(),
+        ModuleSpecifier::parse("http://deno.land/x/mod.ts").unwrap(),
         false,
       ),
       (
-        resolve_url_or_path("data:text/plain,Hello%2C%20Deno!").unwrap(),
+        ModuleSpecifier::parse("data:text/plain,Hello%2C%20Deno!").unwrap(),
         true,
       ),
     ];
 
     if cfg!(target_os = "windows") {
       fixtures
-        .push((resolve_url_or_path("file:///C:/a/mod.ts").unwrap(), true));
-      fixtures
-        .push((resolve_url_or_path("file:///C:/b/mod.ts").unwrap(), false));
+        .push((ModuleSpecifier::parse("file:///C:/a/mod.ts").unwrap(), true));
+      fixtures.push((
+        ModuleSpecifier::parse("file:///C:/b/mod.ts").unwrap(),
+        false,
+      ));
     } else {
-      fixtures.push((resolve_url_or_path("file:///a/mod.ts").unwrap(), true));
-      fixtures.push((resolve_url_or_path("file:///b/mod.ts").unwrap(), false));
+      fixtures
+        .push((ModuleSpecifier::parse("file:///a/mod.ts").unwrap(), true));
+      fixtures
+        .push((ModuleSpecifier::parse("file:///b/mod.ts").unwrap(), false));
     }
 
     for (specifier, expected) in fixtures {
@@ -2898,7 +2901,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     for url in test_cases {
       assert!(perms
-        .check_specifier(&resolve_url_or_path(url).unwrap())
+        .check_specifier(&ModuleSpecifier::parse(url).unwrap())
         .is_err());
     }
   }