`Forgejo Actions` provides Continuous Integration driven from the files in the `.forgejo/workflows` directory of a repository, with a web interface to show the results. The syntax and semantic of the `workflow` files will be familiar to people used to [GitHub Actions](https://docs.github.com/en/actions) but **they are not and will never be identical**.
The following guide explains key **concepts** to help understand how `workflows` are interpreted, with a set of **examples** that can be copy/pasted and modified to fit particular use cases.
- Verify that `Enable Repository Actions` is checked in the `Repository` tab of the `/{owner}/{repository}/settings` page. If the checkbox does not show it means the administrator of the Forgejo instance did not activate the feature.
`Forgejo` itself does not run the `jobs`, it relies on the [Forgejo runner](https://code.forgejo.org/forgejo/runner) to do so. See the [Forgejo Actions administrator guide](../../admin/actions) for more information.
## Actions
An `Action` is a repository that contains the equivalent of a function in any programming language, with inputs and outputs as desccribed in the `action.yml` file at the root of the repository (see [this example](https://code.forgejo.org/actions/setup-forgejo/src/branch/main/action.yml)).
One of the most commonly used action is [checkout](https://code.forgejo.org/actions/checkout#usage) which clones the repository that triggered a `workflow`. Another one is [setup-go](https://code.forgejo.org/actions/setup-go#usage) that will install Go.
Just as any other program of function, an `Action` has pre-requisites to successfully be installed and run. When looking at re-using an existing `Action`, this is an important consideration. For instance [setup-go](https://code.forgejo.org/actions/setup-go) depends on NodeJS during installation.
In a `workflow` file strings that look like `${{ ... }}` are evaluated by the `Forgejo runner` and are called expressions. As a shortcut, `if: ${{ ... }}` is equivalent to `if: ...`, i.e the `${{ }}` surrounding the expression is implicit and can be stripped. [Checkout the example](https://code.forgejo.org/actions/setup-forgejo/src/branch/main/testdata/example-expression/.forgejo/workflows/test.yml) that illustrates expressions.
### Literals
- boolean: true or false
- null: null
- number: any number format supported by JSON
- string: enclosed in single quotes. Two single quotes
### Logical operators
| Operator | Description |
| -------- | --------------------- |
| `( )` | Logical grouping |
| `[ ]` | Index |
| `.` | Property de-reference |
| `!` | Not |
| `<` | Less than |
| `<=` | Less than or equal |
| `>` | Greater than |
| `>=` | Greater than or equal |
| `==` | Equal |
| `!=` | Not equal |
| `&&` | And |
| `\|\|` | Or |
> **NOTE:** String comparisons are case insensitive.
### Functions
-`contains( search, item )`. Returns `true` if `search` contains `item`. If `search` is an array, this function returns `true` if the `item` is an element in the array. If `search` is a string, this function returns `true` if the `item` is a substring of `search`. This function is not case sensitive. Casts values to a string.
-`startsWith( searchString, searchValue )`. Returns `true` when `searchString` starts with `searchValue`. This function is not case sensitive. Casts values to a string.
-`endsWith( searchString, searchValue )`. Returns `true` if `searchString` ends with `searchValue`. This function is not case sensitive. Casts values to a string.
-`format( string, replaceValue0, replaceValue1, ..., replaceValueN)`. Replaces values in the `string`, with the variable `replaceValueN`. Variables in the `string` are specified using the `{N}` syntax, where `N` is an integer. You must specify at least one `replaceValue` and `string`. Escape curly braces using double braces.
-`join( array, optionalSeparator )`. The value for `array` can be an array or a string. All values in `array` are concatenated into a string. If you provide `optionalSeparator`, it is inserted between the concatenated values. Otherwise, the default separator `,` is used. Casts values to a string.
-`toJSON(value)`. Returns a pretty-print JSON representation of `value`.
-`fromJSON(value)`. Returns a JSON object or JSON data type for `value`. You can use this function to provide a JSON object as an evaluated expression or to convert environment variables from a string.
-`hashFiles(path)`. Returns a single hash for the set of files that matches the `path` pattern. You can provide a single `path` pattern or multiple `path` patterns separated by commas. The `path` is relative to the `GITHUB_WORKSPACE` directory and can only include files inside of the `GITHUB_WORKSPACE`. This function calculates an individual SHA-256 hash for each matched file, and then uses those hashes to calculate a final SHA-256 hash for the set of files. If the `path` pattern does not match any files, this returns an empty string. For more information about SHA-256, see "[SHA-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA-2).". You shell globs to match file names.
PostgreSQL, redis and other services can conveniently be run from container images with something similar to (see the [full example](https://code.forgejo.org/actions/setup-forgejo/src/branch/main/testdata/example-service/.forgejo/workflows/test.yml)):
```yaml
services:
pgsql:
image: postgres:15
env:
POSTGRES_DB: test
POSTGRES_PASSWORD: postgres
ports:
- '5432:5432'
```
A container with the specified `image:` is run before the `job` starts and is terminated when it completes. The job can address the service using its name, in this case `pgsql`.
# The list of runners and their tasks
A `Forgejo runner` listens on a `Forgejo` instance, waiting for jobs. To figure out if a runner is available for a given repository, go to `/{owner}/{repository}/settings/actions/runners`. If there are none, you can run one for yourself on your laptop.
Some runners are **Global** and are available for every repository, others are only available for the repositories within a given user or organization. And there can even be runners dedicated to a single repository. The `Forgejo` administrator is the only one able to launch a **Global** runner. But the user who owns an organization can launch a runner without requiring any special permission. All they need to do is to get a runner registration token and install the runner on their own laptop or on a server of their choosing (see the [Forgejo Actions administrator guide](../../admin/actions) for more information).
Clicking on the pencil icon next to a runner shows the list of tasks it executed, with the status and a link to display the details of the execution.
# The list of tasks in a repository
From the `Actions` tab in a repository, the list of ongoing and past tasks triggered by this repository is displayed with their status.
Following the link on a task displays the logs and the `Re-run all jobs` button. It is also possible to re-run a specific job by hovering on it and clicking on the arrows.
# Tasks run from pull requests
The first time a user proposes a pull request, the task is blocked to reduce the security risks.
A repository, a user or an organization can hold secrets, a set of key/value pairs that are stored encrypted in the `Forgejo` database and revealed to the `workflows` as `${{ secrets.KEY }}`. They can be defined from the web interface:
The syntax and semantic of the YAML file describing a `workflow` are partially explained here. When an entry is missing the [GitHub Actions](https://docs.github.com/en/actions) documentation can help because there are similarities. But there also are significant differences that deserve testing.
Not everything from https://docs.github.com/en/actions/using-workflows/events-that-trigger-workflows is implemented yet. Please refer to the [forgejo/actions package source code](https://codeberg.org/forgejo/forgejo/src/branch/forgejo/modules/actions/workflows.go) and the [list of webhook event names](https://codeberg.org/forgejo/forgejo/src/branch/forgejo/modules/webhook/type.go) to find out about supported triggers.
Each `job` in a `workflow` must specify the kind of machine it needs to run its `steps` with `runs-on`. For instance `docker` in the following `workflow`:
The actual machine provided by the runner **entirely depends on how the `Forgejo runner` was registered** (see the [Forgejo Actions administrator guide](../../admin/actions) for more information).
By default the `docker` label will create a container from a [Node.js 16 Debian GNU/Linux bullseye image](https://hub.docker.com/_/node/tags?name=16-bullseye) and will run each `step` as root. Since an application container is used, the jobs will inherit the limitations imposed by the engine (Docker for instance). In particular they will not be able to run or install software that depends on `systemd`.
If the default image is unsuitable, a job can specify an alternate container image with `container:`, [as shown in this example](https://code.forgejo.org/actions/setup-forgejo/src/branch/main/testdata/example-container/.forgejo/workflows/test.yml). For instance the following will ensure the job is run using [Alpine 3.18](https://hub.docker.com/_/alpine/tags?name=3.18).
The `runs-on: self-hosted` label will run the jobs in a [LXC](https://linuxcontainers.org/lxc/) container where software that rely on `systemd` can be installed. Nested containers can also be created recursively (see [the setup-forgejo integration tests](https://code.forgejo.org/actions/setup-forgejo/src/branch/main/.forgejo/workflows/integration.yml) for an example).
`Services` are not supported for jobs that run on LXC.
A relative `Action` such as `uses: actions/checkout@v3` will clone the repository at the URL composed by prepending the default actions URL which is https://code.forgejo.org/. It is the equivalent of providing the fully qualified URL `uses: https://code.forgejo.org/actions/checkout@v3`. In other words the following:
[checks/check and test] 🐳 docker run image=node:16-bullseye platform= entrypoint=["/bin/sleep" "10800"] cmd=[]
[checks/check and test] ☁ git clone 'https://code.forgejo.org/actions/setup-go' # ref=v3
[checks/check and test] ⭐ Run Main actions/setup-go@v3
[checks/check and test] 🐳 docker cp src=/home/loic/.cache/act/actions-setup-go@v3/ dst=/var/run/act/actions/actions-setup-go@v3/
...
|
| ==> Ok
|
[checks/check and test] ✅ Success - Main test
[checks/check and test] ⭐ Run Post actions/setup-go@v3
[checks/check and test] 🐳 docker exec cmd=[node /var/run/act/actions/actions-setup-go@v3/dist/cache-save/index.js] user= workdir=
[checks/check and test] ✅ Success - Post actions/setup-go@v3
[checks/check and test] Cleaning up services for job check and test
[checks/check and test] Cleaning up container for job check and test
[checks/check and test] Cleaning up network for job check and test, and network name is: FORGEJO-ACTIONS-TASK-push_WORKFLOW-checks_JOB-check-and-test-network
Each example is part of the [setup-forgejo](https://code.forgejo.org/actions/setup-forgejo/) action [test suite](https://code.forgejo.org/actions/setup-forgejo/src/branch/main/testdata). They can be run locally with something similar to:
[test.yml/test] Cleaning up container for job test
[test.yml/test] Cleaning up network for job test, and network name is: FORGEJO-ACTIONS-TASK-push_WORKFLOW-test-yml_JOB-test-network
[test.yml/test] 🏁 Job succeeded
```
- [Expression](https://code.forgejo.org/actions/setup-forgejo/src/branch/main/testdata/example-expression/.forgejo/workflows/test.yml) - a collection of various forms of expression
- [Echo](https://code.forgejo.org/actions/setup-forgejo/src/branch/main/testdata/example-echo/.forgejo/workflows/test.yml) - a single step that prints one sentence.
- [PostgreSQL service](https://code.forgejo.org/actions/setup-forgejo/src/branch/main/testdata/example-service/.forgejo/workflows/test.yml) - a PostgreSQL service and a connection to display the (empty) list of tables of the default database.
- [Choosing the image with `container`](https://code.forgejo.org/actions/setup-forgejo/src/branch/main/testdata/example-container/.forgejo/workflows/test.yml) - replacing the `runs-on: docker` image with the `alpine:3.18` image using `container:`.
