denoland-deno/docs/typescript/runtime.md

Runtime compiler APIs

⚠️ The runtime compiler API is unstable (and requires the --unstable flag to be used to enable it).

The runtime compiler API allows access to the internals of Deno to be able to type check, transpile and bundle JavaScript and TypeScript. As of Deno 1.7, several disparate APIs we consolidated into a single API, Deno.emit().

Deno.emit()

The API is defined in the Deno namespace as:

function emit(
  rootSpecifier: string | URL,
  options?: EmitOptions,
): Promise<EmitResult>;

The emit options are defined in the Deno namespace as:

interface EmitOptions {
  /** Indicate that the source code should be emitted to a single file
    * JavaScript bundle that is a single ES module (`"esm"`) or a single file
    * self contained script we executes in an immediately invoked function
    * when loaded (`"iife"`). */
  bundle?: "esm" | "iife";
  /** If `true` then the sources will be typed checked, returning any
    * diagnostic errors in the result.  If `false` type checking will be
    * skipped.  Defaults to `true`.
    *
    * *Note* by default, only TypeScript will be type checked, just like on
    * the command line.  Use the `compilerOptions` options of `checkJs` to
    * enable type checking of JavaScript. */
  check?: boolean;
  /** A set of options that are aligned to TypeScript compiler options that
    * are supported by Deno. */
  compilerOptions?: CompilerOptions;
  /** An [import-map](https://deno.land/manual/linking_to_external_code/import_maps#import-maps)
    * which will be applied to the imports. */
  importMap?: ImportMap;
  /** An absolute path to an [import-map](https://deno.land/manual/linking_to_external_code/import_maps#import-maps).
    * Required to be specified if an `importMap` is specified to be able to
    * determine resolution of relative paths. If a `importMap` is not
    * specified, then it will assumed the file path points to an import map on
    * disk and will be attempted to be loaded based on current runtime
    * permissions.
    */
  importMapPath?: string;
  /** A record of sources to use when doing the emit.  If provided, Deno will
    * use these sources instead of trying to resolve the modules externally. */
  sources?: Record<string, string>;
}

The emit result is defined in the Deno namespace as:

interface EmitResult {
  /** Diagnostic messages returned from the type checker (`tsc`). */
  diagnostics: Diagnostic[];
  /** Any emitted files.  If bundled, then the JavaScript will have the
   * key of `deno:///bundle.js` with an optional map (based on
   * `compilerOptions`) in `deno:///bundle.js.map`. */
  files: Record<string, string>;
  /** An optional array of any compiler options that were ignored by Deno. */
  ignoredOptions?: string[];
  /** An array of internal statistics related to the emit, for diagnostic
   * purposes. */
  stats: Array<[string, number]>;
}

The API is designed to support several use cases, which are described in the sections below.

Using external sources

Using external sources, both local and remote, Deno.emit() can behave like deno cache does on the command line, resolving those external dependencies, type checking those dependencies, and providing an emitted output.

By default, Deno.emit() will utilise external resources. The rootSpecifier supplied as the first argument will determine what module will be used as the root. The root module is similar to what you would provide on the command line.

For example if you did:

> deno run mod.ts

You could do something similar with Deno.emit():

try {
  const { files } = await Deno.emit("mod.ts");
  for (const [fileName, text] of Object.entries(files)) {
    console.log(`emitted ${fileName} with a length of ${text.length}`);
  }
} catch (e) {
  // something went wrong, inspect `e` to determine
}

Deno.emit() will use the same on disk cache for remote modules that the standard CLI does, and it inherits the permissions and cache options of the process that executes it.

If the rootSpecifier is a relative path, then the current working directory of the Deno process will be used to resolve the specifier. (Not relative to the current module!)

The rootSpecifier can be a string file path, a string URL, or a URL. Deno.emit() supports the same protocols for URLs that Deno supports, which are currently file, http, https, and data.

Providing sources

Instead of resolving modules externally, you can provide Deno.emit() with the sources directly. This is especially useful for a server to be able to provide on demand compiling of code supplied by a user, where the Deno process has collected all the code it wants to emit.

The sources are passed in the sources property of the Deno.emit() options argument:

const { files } = await Deno.emit("/mod.ts", {
  sources: {
    "/mod.ts": `import * as a from "./a.ts";\nconsole.log(a);\n`,
    "/a.ts": `export const a: Record<string, string> = {};\n`,
  },
});

When sources are provided, Deno will no longer look externally and will try to resolve all modules from within the map of sources provided, though the module resolution follow the same rules as if the modules were external. For example all module specifiers need their full filename. Also, because there are no media types, if you are providing remote URLs in the sources, the path should end with the appropriate extension, so that Deno can determine how to handle the file.

Type checking and emitting

By default, Deno.emit() will type check any TypeScript (and TSX) it encounters, just like on the command line. It will also attempt to transpile JSX, but will leave JavaScript "alone". This behavior can be changed by changing the compiler options. For example if you wanted Deno to type check your JavaScript as well, you could set the checkJs option to true in the compiler options:

const { files, diagnostics } = await Deno.emit("./mod.js", {
  compilerOptions: {
    checkJs: true,
  },
});

The Deno.emit() result provides any diagnostic messages about the code supplied. On the command line, any diagnostic messages get logged to stderr and the Deno process terminates, but with Deno.emit() they are returned to the caller.

Typically you will want to check if there are any diagnostics and handle them appropriately. You can introspect the diagnostics individually, but there is a handy formatting function available to make it easier to potentially log the diagnostics to the console for the user called Deno.formatDiagnostics():

const { files, diagnostics } = await Deno.emit("./mod.ts");
if (diagnostics.length) {
  // there is something that impacted the emit
  console.warn(Deno.formatDiagnostics(diagnostics));
}

Bundling

Deno.emit() is also capable of providing output similar to deno bundle on the command line. This is enabled by setting the bundle option to "esm" or "iife". Currently Deno supports bundling as a single file ES module ("esm") or a single file self contained legacy script ("iife").

const { files, diagnostics } = await Deno.emit("./mod.ts", {
  bundle: "esm",
});

The files of the result will contain a single key named deno:///bundle.js of which the value with be the resulting bundle.

⚠️ Just like with deno bundle, the bundle will not include things like dynamic imports or worker scripts, and those would be expected to be resolved and available when the code is run.

Import maps

Deno.emit() supports import maps as well, just like on the command line. This is a really powerful feature that can be used even more effectively to emit and bundle code.

Because of the way import maps work, when using with Deno.emit() you also have to supply an absolute URL for the import map. This allows Deno to resolve any relative URLs specified in the import map. This needs to be supplied even if the import map doesn't contain any relative URLs. The URL does not need to really exist, it is just feed to the API.

An example might be that I want to use a bare specifier to load a special version of lodash I am using with my project. I could do the following:

const { files } = await Deno.emit("mod.ts", {
  bundle: "esm",
  importMap: {
    imports: {
      "lodash": "https://deno.land/x/lodash",
    },
  },
  importMapPath: "file:///import-map.json",
});

⚠️ If you are not bundling your code, the emitted code specifiers do not get rewritten, that means that whatever process will consume the code, Deno or a browser for example, would need to support import maps and have that map available at runtime.

Skip type checking/transpiling only

Deno.emit() supports skipping type checking similar to the --no-check flag on the command line. This is accomplished by setting the check property to false:

const { files } = await Deno.emit("./mod.ts", {
  check: false,
});

Setting check to false will instruct Deno to not utilise the TypeScript compiler to type check the code and emit it, instead only transpiling the code from within Deno. This can be significantly quicker than doing the full type checking.

Compiler options

Deno.emit() supports quite a few compiler options that can impact how code is type checked and emitted. They are similar to the options supported by a tsconfig.json in the compilerOptions section, but there are several options that are not supported. This is because they are either meaningless in Deno or would cause Deno to not be able to work properly. The defaults for Deno.emit() are the same defaults that are on the command line. The options are documented here along with their default values and are built into the Deno types.

If you are type checking your code, the compiler options will be type checked for you, but if for some reason you are either dynamically providing the compiler options or are not type checking, then the result of Deno.emit() will provide you with an array of ignoredOptions if there are any.

⚠️ we have only tried to disable/remove options that we know won't work, that does not mean we extensively test all options in all configurations under Deno.emit(). You may find that some behaviors do not match what you can get from tsc or are otherwise incompatible. If you do find something that doesn't work, please do feel free to raise an issue.