forgejo-docs/docs/user/actions.md at 20080b5456ff4a724ba340345d9dcb58c7da888b

mirror of https://codeberg.org/forgejo/docs.git synced 2024-12-25 22:40:42 -05:00

user: actions: zstd is a dependency for the runner

cache extract / restore step

Fixes: #307

2023-12-13 02:26:16 +01:00

33 KiB

Raw Blame History

title	license	similar
Forgejo Actions user guide	CC-BY-SA-4.0	https://github.com/go-gitea/gitea/blob/main/docs/content/doc/usage/actions/faq.en-us.md https://docs.github.com/en/actions

Forgejo Actions provides Continuous Integration driven from the files in the .forgejo/workflows directory of a repository, with a web interface to show the results. The syntax and semantics of the workflow files will be familiar to people used to GitHub Actions but they are not and will never be identical.

The following guide explains key concepts to help understand how workflows are interpreted, with a set of examples that can be copy/pasted and modified to fit particular use cases.

Quick start

Verify that Enable Repository Actions is checked in the Repository tab of the /{owner}/{repository}/settings page. If the checkbox does not show it means the administrator of the Forgejo instance did not activate the feature.

Add the following to the .forgejo/workflows/demo.yaml file in the repository.

on: [push]
jobs:
  test:
    runs-on: docker
    steps:
      - run: echo All Good

Go to the Actions tab of the /{owner}/{repository}/actions page of the repository to see the result of the run.
Click on the workflow link to see the details and the job execution logs.

Actions

An Action is a repository that contains the equivalent of a function in any programming language. It comes in two flavors, depending on the file found at the root of the repository:

action.yml: describes the inputs and outputs of the action and the implementation. See this example.
Dockerfile: if no action.yml file is found, it is used to create an image with docker build and run a container from it to carry out the action. See this example and the workflow that uses it. Note that files written outside of the workspace will be lost when the step using such an action terminates.

One of the most commonly used action is checkout which clones the repository that triggered a workflow. Another one is setup-go that will install Go.

Just as any other program of function, an Action has pre-requisites to successfully be installed and run. When looking at re-using an existing Action, this is an important consideration. For instance setup-go depends on NodeJS during installation.

Automatic token

At the start of each workflow, a unique authentication token is automatically created and destroyed when it completes. It can be used to read the repositories associated with the workflow, even when they are private. It is available:

in the environment of each step as GITHUB_TOKEN
as github.token
as env.GITHUB_TOKEN
as secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN

This token can only be used for interactions with the repository of the project and any attempt to use it on other repositories, even for creating an issue, will return a 404 error.

This token also has write permission to the repository and can be used to push commits or use API endpoints such as creating a label or merge a pull request.

In order to avoid infinite recursion, no workflow will be triggered as a side effect of a change authored with this token. For instance, if a branch is pushed to the repository and there exists a workflow that is triggered on push events, it will not fire.

A workflow triggered by a pull_request event is an exception: in that case the token does not have write permissions to the repository. The pull request could contain an untested or malicious workflow.

Expressions

In a workflow file strings that look like ${{ ... }} are evaluated by the Forgejo runner and are called expressions. As a shortcut, if: ${{ ... }} is equivalent to if: ..., i.e the ${{ }} surrounding the expression is implicit and can be stripped. Check out the example that illustrates expressions.

Literals

boolean: true or false
null: null
number: any number format supported by JSON
string: enclosed in single quotes

Logical operators

Operator	Description
`( )`	Logical grouping
`[ ]`	Index
`.`	Property de-reference
`!`	Not
`<`	Less than
`<=`	Less than or equal
`>`	Greater than
`>=`	Greater than or equal
`==`	Equal
`!=`	Not equal
`&&`	And
`\|\|`	Or

NOTE: String comparisons are case insensitive.

Functions

contains( search, item ). Returns true if search contains item. If search is an array, this function returns true if the item is an element in the array. If search is a string, this function returns true if the item is a substring of search. This function is not case sensitive. Casts values to a string.
startsWith( searchString, searchValue ). Returns true when searchString starts with searchValue. This function is not case sensitive. Casts values to a string.
endsWith( searchString, searchValue ). Returns true if searchString ends with searchValue. This function is not case sensitive. Casts values to a string.
format( string, replaceValue0, replaceValue1, ..., replaceValueN). Replaces values in the string, with the variable replaceValueN. Variables in the string are specified using the {N} syntax, where N is an integer. You must specify at least one replaceValue and string. Escape curly braces using double braces.
join( array, optionalSeparator ). The value for array can be an array or a string. All values in array are concatenated into a string. If you provide optionalSeparator, it is inserted between the concatenated values. Otherwise, the default separator , is used. Casts values to a string.
toJSON(value). Returns a pretty-print JSON representation of value.
fromJSON(value). Returns a JSON object or JSON data type for value. You can use this function to provide a JSON object as an evaluated expression or to convert environment variables from a string.

Two jobs, even if they are part of the same workflow, may run on different machines. The files created on the file system of the host by one job cannot be re-used by the job that follows because it may run on a different machine.

There are three ways for a job to upload and download files, depending on the use case:

Using the cache provided by the Forgejo runner, for instance to speed up compilation of the cache happens to contain the required file.
Using the artifacts provided by the Forgejo server, for instance to share files between jobs within the same workflow.
Using the a generic package to publish assets such as screenshots.

Artifacts

Artifacts allow you to persist data after a job has completed, and share that data with another job in the same workflow. An artifact is a file or collection of files produced during a workflow run. For example, you can use artifacts to save your build and test output after a workflow run has ended. All actions and workflows called within a run have write access to that run's artifacts.

The artifacts created by a workflow can be downloaded from the web interface that shows the the details of the jobs for a workflow.

The artifacts expire after a delay that defaults to 90 days, but this value can be modified by the instance admin.

Check out the example based on the upload-artifact action and the download-artifact action.

Cache

When a job starts, it can communicate with the Forgejo runner to fetch commonly used files that were saved by previous runs. For instance the https://code.forgejo.org/actions/setup-go action will do that by default to save downloading and compiling packages found in go.mod.

It is also possible to explicitly control what is cached (and when) by using the https://code.forgejo.org/actions/cache action.

There is no guarantee that the cache is populated, even when two jobs run in sequence. It is not a substitute for artifacts.

Note that actions/cache has zstd as a dependency for creating tar archives in the runner.

Auto cancelation of workflows

When a new commit is pushed to a branch, the workflows that are were triggered by parent commits are canceled.

Services

PostgreSQL, redis and other services can be run from container images with something similar to the following. See also the set of examples.

services:
  pgsql:
    image: postgres:15
    env:
      POSTGRES_DB: test
      POSTGRES_PASSWORD: postgres

A container with the specified image: is run before the job starts and is terminated when it completes. The job can address the service using its name, in this case pgsql.

The IP address of pgsql is on the same docker network as the container running the steps and there is no need for port binding (see the docker run --publish option for more information). The postgres:15 image exposes the PostgreSQL port 5432 and a client will be able to connect as shown in this example

image

The location of the container image to run.

env

Key/value pairs injected in the environment when running the container, equivalent to --env.

cmd

A list of command and arguments, equivalent to [COMMAND] [ARG...].

options

A string of additional options, as documented docker run. For instance: "--workdir /myworkdir --ulimit nofile=1024:1024".

NOTE: the --volume option is restricted to a whitelist of volumes configured in the runner executing the task. See the Forgejo Actions administrator guide for more information.

username

The username to authenticate with the registry where the image is located.

password

The password to authenticate with the registry where the image is located.

Forgejo runner

Forgejo itself does not run the jobs, it relies on the Forgejo runner to do so. See the Forgejo Actions administrator guide for more information.

List of runners and their tasks

A Forgejo runner listens on a Forgejo instance, waiting for jobs. To figure out if a runner is available for a given repository, go to /{owner}/{repository}/settings/actions/runners. If there are none, you can run one for yourself on your laptop.

Some runners are Global and are available for every repository, others are only available for the repositories within a given user or organization. And there can even be runners dedicated to a single repository. The Forgejo administrator is the only one able to launch a Global runner. But the user who owns an organization can launch a runner without requiring any special permission. All they need to do is to get a runner registration token and install the runner on their own laptop or on a server of their choosing (see the Forgejo Actions administrator guide for more information).

Clicking on the pencil icon next to a runner shows the list of tasks it executed, with the status and a link to display the details of the execution.

List of tasks in a repository

From the Actions tab in a repository, the list of ongoing and past tasks triggered by this repository is displayed with their status.

Following the link on a task displays the logs and the Re-run all jobs button. It is also possible to re-run a specific job by hovering on it and clicking on the arrows.

A workflow can be disabled (or enabled) by selecting it and using the three dot menu to the right.

Pull request workflows are moderated

The first time a user proposes a pull request, the on.pull_request workflows are blocked.

They can be approved by a maintainer of the project and there will be no need to unblock future pull requests.

The on.pull_request_target workflows are not subject to the same restriction and will always run.

Secrets

A repository, a user or an organization can hold secrets, a set of key/value pairs that are stored encrypted in the Forgejo database and revealed to the workflows as ${{ secrets.KEY }}. They can be defined from the web interface:

in /org/{org}/settings/actions/secrets to be available in all the repositories that belong to the organization
in /user/settings/actions/secrets to be available in all the repositories that belong to the logged in user
in /{owner}/{repo}/settings/actions/secrets to be available to the workflows of a single repository

Once the secret is added, its value cannot be changed or displayed.

Variables

A repository, a user or an organization can hold variables, a set of key/value pairs that are stored in the Forgejo database and available to the workflows as ${{ vars.KEY }}. They can be defined from the web interface:

in /org/{org}/settings/actions/variables to be available in all the repositories that belong to the organization
in /user/settings/actions/variables to be available in all the repositories that belong to the logged in user
in /{owner}/{repo}/settings/actions/variables to be available to the workflows of a single repository

After a variable is added, its value can be modified.

Name constraints

The following rules apply to variable names:

Variable names can only contain alphanumeric characters ([a-z], [A-Z], [0-9]) or underscores (_). Spaces are not allowed.
Variable names must not start with the FORGEJO_, GITHUB_ or GITEA_ prefix.
Variable names must not start with a number.
Variable names are case-insensitive.
Variable names must be unique at the level they are created at.
Variable names must not be CI.

Precedence

A variable found in the settings of the owner of a repository (organization or user) has precedence over the same variable found in a repository.

Workflow reference guide

The syntax and semantics of the YAML file describing a workflow are partially explained here. When an entry is missing the GitHub Actions documentation may be helpful because there are similarities. But there also are significant differences that require testing.

The name of each chapter is a pseudo YAML path where user defined values are in <>. For instance jobs.<job_id>.runs-on documents the following YAML equivalent where job-id is myjob:

jobs:
  myjob:
    runs-on: docker

`on`

Workflows will be triggered on certain events with the following:

on:
  <event-name>:
    <event-parameter>:
    ...

e.g. to run a workflow when branch main is pushed

on:
  push:
    branches:
      - main

`on.pull_request`

Trigger the workflow when an event happens on a pull request, as specified with the types event parameter. It defaults to [opened, synchronize, reopened] if not specified.

opened the pull request was created.
reopened the closed pull request was reopened.
closed the pull request was closed or merged.
labeled a label was added.
unlabeled a label was removed.
synchronize the commits associated with the pull request were modified.
assigned an assignee was added.
unassigned an assignee was removed.
edited the body, title or comments of the pull request were modified.

on:
  pull_request:
    types: [opened, synchronize, reopened]

If the head of a pull request is from a forked repository, the secrets are not available and the automatic token only has read permissions.

Check out the example.

`on.pull_request_target`

It is similar to the on.pull_request event, with the following exceptions:

secrets stored in the base repository are available in the secrets context, (e.g. ${{ secrets.KEY }}).
the workflow runs in the context of the default branch of the base repository, meaning that:
- changes to the workflow in the pull request will be ignored
- the actions/checkout action will checkout the default branch instead of the content of the pull request

Check out the example.

`on.schedule`

The schedule event allows you to trigger a workflow at a scheduled time. When a workflow with a schedule event is present in the default branch, Forgejo will add a task to run it at the designated time. The scheduled workflows on other branches or pull requests are ignored.

The scheduled time is specified using the POSIX cron syntax. See also the crontab(5) manual page for a more information and some examples.

on:
  schedule:
    - cron: '30 5,17 * * *'

Check out the example.

`env`

Set environment variables that are available in the workflow in the env context and as regular environment variables.

env:
  KEY1: value1
  KEY2: value2

The expression ${{ env.KEY1 }} will be evaluated to value1
The environment variable KEY1 will be set to value1

Check out the example.

`jobs.<job_id>`

Each job in a workflow must specify the kind of machine it needs to run its steps with runs-on. For instance docker in the following workflow:

---
jobs:
  test:
    runs-on: docker

means that the Forgejo runner that claims to provide a kind of machine labelled docker will be selected by Forgejo and sent the job to be run.

The actual machine provided by the runner entirely depends on how the Forgejo runner was registered (see the Forgejo Actions administrator guide for more information).

The list of available labels for a given repository can be seen in the /{owner}/{repo}/settings/actions/runners page.

`jobs.<job_id>.runs-on`

By default the docker label will create a container from a Node.js 16 Debian GNU/Linux bullseye image and will run each step as root. Since an application container is used, the jobs will inherit the limitations imposed by the engine (Docker for instance). In particular they will not be able to run or install software that depends on systemd.

The runs-on: lxc label will run the jobs in a LXC container where software that rely on systemd can be installed. Nested containers can also be created recursively (see the end-to-end tests for an example). Services are not supported for jobs that run on LXC.

The runs-on: self-hosted label will run the jobs directly on the host, in a shell spawned from the runner. It provides no isolation at all.

`jobs.<job_id>.container`

Docker or Podman: If the default image is unsuitable, a job can specify an alternate container image with container:, as shown in this example. For instance the following will ensure the job is run using Alpine 3.18.
```
runs-on: docker
container:
  image: alpine:3.18
  ## Optionally provide credentials if the registry requires authentication.
  #credentials:
  #  username: "root"
  #  password: "admin1234"
```
LXC: If the default template and release are unsuitable, a job can specify an alternate template and release as follows.
```
runs-on: lxc
container:
  image: debian:bookworm
```

`jobs.<job_id>.container.options`

A string of additional options, as documented in docker run. For instance: "--workdir /myworkdir --ulimit nofile=1024:1024".

NOTE: the --volume option is restricted to a whitelist of volumes configured in the runner executing the task. See the Forgejo Actions administrator guide for more information.

`jobs.<job_id>.steps`

An array of steps executed sequentially on the host specified by runs-on.

`jobs.<job_id>.steps.if`

The step is run if the expression evaluates to true. The following additional boolean functions are supported:

success(). returns true when none of the previous steps have failed or been canceled.
always(). causes the step to always execute, and returns true, even when canceled. If you want to run a job or step regardless of its success or failure, use the recommended alternative: !cancelled().
failure(). returns true when any previous step of a job fails.

Check out the workflows in example-if and example-if-fail.

`jobs.<job_id>.steps.uses`

Specifies the repository from which the Action will be cloned or a directory where it can be found.

Remote actions A relative Action such as uses: actions/checkout@v3 will clone the repository at the URL composed by prepending the default actions URL which is https://code.forgejo.org/. It is the equivalent of providing the fully qualified URL uses: https://code.forgejo.org/actions/checkout@v3. In other words the following:
```
on: [push]
jobs:
  test:
    runs-on: docker
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
```
is the same as:
```
on: [push]
jobs:
  test:
    runs-on: docker
    steps:
      - uses: https://code.forgejo.org/actions/checkout@v3
```
When possible it is strongly recommended to choose fully qualified URLs to avoid ambiguities. During installation, the `Forgejo' instance may use another default URL and a workflow could fail because it gets an outdated version from https://tooold.org/actions/checkout instead. Or even a repository that does not contain the intended action.
Local actions

An action that begins with a ./ will be loaded from a directory instead of being cloned from a repository. The structure of the directory is otherwise the same as if it was located in a remote repository.

NOTE: the most common mistake when using an action included in the repository under test is to forget to checkout the repository with uses: actions/checkout@v3.

Check out the example.

`jobs.<job_id>.steps.with`

A dictionary mapping the inputs of the action to concrete values. The action.yml defines and documents the inputs.

on: [push]
jobs:
  ls:
    runs-on: docker
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
      - id: local-action
        uses: ./.forgejo/local-action
        with:
          input-two-required: 'two'

Check out the example

For remote actions that are implemented with a Dockerfile instead of action.yml, the args key is used as command line arguments when the container is run.

Check out the example

Debugging workflows

Errors in the YAML file

When the YAML file describing the workflow contains an error that can be detected with static analysis, it is signaled by a warning sign in the actions task list of the repository, next to the file name that contains the workflow. Hovering on the file name will show a tooltip with a detailed error message.

With forgejo-runner exec

To get a quicker debug loop when working on a workflow, it may be more convenient to run them on your laptop using forgejo-runner exec. For instance:

$ git clone --depth 1 http://code.forgejo.org/forgejo/runner
$ cd runner
$ forgejo-runner exec --workflows .forgejo/workflows/test.yml --job lint
INFO[0000] Using default workflow event: push
INFO[0000] Planning job: lint
INFO[0000] cache handler listens on: http://192.168.1.20:44261
INFO[0000] Start server on http://192.168.1.20:34567
[checks/check and test] 🚀  Start image=node:16-bullseye
[checks/check and test]   🐳  docker pull image=node:16-bullseye platform= username= forcePull=false
[checks/check and test]   🐳  docker create image=node:16-bullseye platform= entrypoint=["/bin/sleep" "10800"] cmd=[]
[checks/check and test]   🐳  docker run image=node:16-bullseye platform= entrypoint=["/bin/sleep" "10800"] cmd=[]
[checks/check and test]   ☁  git clone 'https://code.forgejo.org/actions/setup-go' # ref=v3
[checks/check and test] ⭐ Run Main actions/setup-go@v3
[checks/check and test]   🐳  docker cp src=/home/loic/.cache/act/actions-setup-go@v3/ dst=/var/run/act/actions/actions-setup-go@v3/
...
|
| ==> Ok
|
[checks/check and test]   ✅  Success - Main test
[checks/check and test] ⭐ Run Post actions/setup-go@v3
[checks/check and test]   🐳  docker exec cmd=[node /var/run/act/actions/actions-setup-go@v3/dist/cache-save/index.js] user= workdir=
[checks/check and test]   ✅  Success - Post actions/setup-go@v3
[checks/check and test] Cleaning up services for job check and test
[checks/check and test] Cleaning up container for job check and test
[checks/check and test] Cleaning up network for job check and test, and network name is: FORGEJO-ACTIONS-TASK-push_WORKFLOW-checks_JOB-check-and-test-network
[checks/check and test] 🏁  Job succeeded

NOTE: When Docker or Podman is used and IPv6 support is required, the --enable-ipv6 flag must be provided, and IPv6 must be enabled in the Forgejo runner's Docker daemon configuration. See the Forgejo Actions administrator guide for more information.

Examples

Each example is part of the setup-forgejo action test suite. They can be run locally with something similar to:

$ git clone --depth 1 http://code.forgejo.org/forgejo/end-to-end
$ cd end-to-end
$ forgejo-runner exec --workflows actions/example-expression/.forgejo/workflows/test.yml
INFO[0000] Using the only detected workflow event: push
INFO[0000] Planning jobs for event: push
INFO[0000] cache handler listens on: http://192.168.1.20:43773
INFO[0000] Start server on http://192.168.1.20:34567
[test.yml/test] 🚀  Start image=node:16-bullseye
[test.yml/test]   🐳  docker pull image=node:16-bullseye platform= username= forcePull=false
[test.yml/test]   🐳  docker create image=node:16-bullseye platform= entrypoint=["/bin/sleep" "10800"] cmd=[]
[test.yml/test]   🐳  docker run image=node:16-bullseye platform= entrypoint=["/bin/sleep" "10800"] cmd=[]
[test.yml/test] ⭐ Run Main set -x
test "KEY1=value1" = "KEY1=value1"
test "KEY2=$KEY2" = "KEY2=value2"
[test.yml/test]   🐳  docker exec cmd=[bash --noprofile --norc -e -o pipefail /var/run/act/workflow/0] user= workdir=
| + test KEY1=value1 = KEY1=value1
| + test KEY2=value2 = KEY2=value2
[test.yml/test]   ✅  Success - Main set -x
test "KEY1=value1" = "KEY1=value1"
test "KEY2=$KEY2" = "KEY2=value2"
[test.yml/test] Cleaning up services for job test
[test.yml/test] Cleaning up container for job test
[test.yml/test] Cleaning up network for job test, and network name is: FORGEJO-ACTIONS-TASK-push_WORKFLOW-test-yml_JOB-test-network
[test.yml/test] 🏁  Job succeeded

Echo - a single step that prints one sentence.
Expression - a collection of various forms of expression.
Local actions - using an action found in a directory instead of a remote repository.
PostgreSQL service - a PostgreSQL service and a connection to display the (empty) list of tables of the default database.
Using services - illustrates how to configure and use services.
Choosing the image with container - replacing the runs-on: docker image with the alpine:3.18 image using container:.
Docker action - using a action implemented as a Dockerfile.
on.pull_request and on.pull_request_target events.
on.schedule event.
Artifacts upload and download - sharing files between jobs.

Glossary

action: a repository that can be used in a way similar to a function in any programming language to run a single step.
expression: a string enclosed in ${{ ... }} and evaluated at runtime
job: a sequential set of steps.
label the kind of machine that is matched against the value of runs-on in a workflow.
runner: the Forgejo runner daemon tasked to execute the workflows.
step: a command the runner is required to carry out.
workflow or task: a file in the .forgejo/workflows directory that contains jobs.
workspace is the directory where the files of the job are stored and shared between all steps
automatic token is the token created at the begining of each workflow
artifact is a file or collection of files produced during a workflow run.

33 KiB Raw Blame History

Quick start

Actions

Automatic token

Expressions

Literals

Logical operators

Functions

Sharing files between jobs

Artifacts

Cache

Auto cancelation of workflows

Services

image

env

cmd

options

username

password

Forgejo runner

List of runners and their tasks

List of tasks in a repository

Pull request workflows are moderated

Secrets

Variables

Name constraints

Precedence

Workflow reference guide

on

on.pull_request

on.pull_request_target

on.schedule

env

jobs.<job_id>

jobs.<job_id>.runs-on

jobs.<job_id>.container

jobs.<job_id>.container.options

jobs.<job_id>.steps

jobs.<job_id>.steps.if

jobs.<job_id>.steps.uses

jobs.<job_id>.steps.with

Debugging workflows

Errors in the YAML file

With forgejo-runner exec

Examples

Glossary

33 KiB

Raw Blame History

`on`

`on.pull_request`

`on.pull_request_target`

`on.schedule`

`env`

`jobs.<job_id>`

`jobs.<job_id>.runs-on`

`jobs.<job_id>.container`

`jobs.<job_id>.container.options`

`jobs.<job_id>.steps`

`jobs.<job_id>.steps.if`

`jobs.<job_id>.steps.uses`

`jobs.<job_id>.steps.with`